生了引力。又过了极其短暂的时刻，又产生了电磁以及强核力和弱核力--物理学的材料。之后，又很快出现了大批基本粒子--材料的材料。从无到有，突然有了大批光子、质子、电子、中子和许多别的东西--根据标准的大爆炸理论，每种达10^79-1089个之多。 　　这么大的数量当然是难以理解的。我们只要知道，刹那间，我们有了一个巨大的宇宙，这就够了--根据该理论，这个宇宙是如此之大，直径至少有1000亿光年，但有可能是从任何大小直至无穷大--安排得非常完美，为恒星、星系和其他复杂体系的创建准备了条件。 这篇材料你能听出多少？点击这里做听写，提高外语水平>>

化为能量的方式--转化为氦。要是那个值稍稍低一点--比如从千分之七降至千分之六--那么就不可能发生转化：宇宙只会由氢组成。要是那个值稍稍高一点--高到千分之八--结合就会不间断地发生，氢早已消耗殆尽。无论是哪种情况，只要这个数据稍有变动，我们所知的而又需要的宇宙就不会存在。 这篇材料你能听出多少？点击这里做听写，提高外语水平>>

这是一部有关现代科学发展史的既通俗易懂又引人入胜的书，作者用清晰明了、幽默风趣的笔法，将宇宙大爆炸到人类文明发展进程中所发生的繁多妙趣横生的故事一一收入笔下。惊奇和感叹组成了本书，历历在目的天下万物组成了本书，益于人们了解大千世界的无穷奥妙，掌握万事万物的发展脉络。 收获英语 收获一本好书~！ 书本的朗读语音很charming的磁性英音~~~大家可以好好学着模仿哦~~~！！ 因为原著为美国人所写,单词采用美式拼法,不抄全文,然后听写句子。请边听写边理解文意，根据上下文注意各句标号，这样有助于提高正确率。 [---1---] Not long after, mind you. By doing a lot of math and watching carefully what goes on in particle accelerators, scientists believe they can look back to 10^-43 seconds after the moment of creation, when the universe was still so small that you would have needed a microscope to find it. [---2---] Thus 10^-43 is 0.0000000000000000000000000000000000000000001, or one 10 million trillion trillion trillionths of a second. Most of what we know, or believe we know, about the early moments of the universe is thanks to an idea called inflation theory first propounded in 1979 by a junior particle physicist, then at Stanford, now at MIT, named Alan Guth. [---3---] He would probably never have had his great theory except that he happened to attend a lecture on the Big Bang given by none other than Robert Dicke. [---4---] The Big Bang theory isn't about the bang itself but about what happened after the bang. We mustn't swoon over every extraordinary number that comes before us, but it is perhaps worth latching on to one from time to time just to be reminded of their ungraspable and amazing breadth. He was 32 years old and, by his own admission, had never done anything much before. The lecture inspired Guth to take an interest in cosmology, and in particular in the birth of the universe. 大爆炸理论并不是关于爆炸本身，而是关于爆炸以后发生的事。注意，是爆炸以后不久。科学家们做了大量计算，仔细观察粒子加速器里的情况，然后认为，他们可以回顾爆炸发生10^－43秒之后的情况，当时宇宙仍然很小，要用显微镜才看得见。对于每个出现在我们面前的非同寻常的数字，我们无须把自己搞得头昏脑涨，但有时候也许不妨理解一个，只是为了不忘其难以掌握、令人惊奇的程度。于是，10^－43秒就是0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 1秒，或者是一千亿亿亿亿分之一秒。 我们知道的或认为知道的有关宇宙初期的大部分情况，都要归功于一位年轻的粒子物理学家于1979年首先提出的膨胀理论。他的名字叫艾伦•古思，他当时在斯坦福大学工作，现在任职于麻省理工学院。他当时32岁，自己承认以前从没有作出过很大的成绩。要是他没有恰好去听那个关于大爆炸的讲座的话，很可能永远也提不出那个伟大的理论。开那个讲座的不是别人，正是罗伯特•迪克。讲座使古思对宇宙学，尤其是对宇宙的形成产生了兴趣。 这篇材料你能听出多少？点击这里做听写，提高外语水平>>

文中，他甚至提出可以用一种仪器达到这个目的，这种仪器就是霍尔姆德尔的贝尔天线。不幸的是，无论是彭齐亚斯和威尔逊，还是普林斯顿大学小组的任何专家，都没有看过伽莫夫的论文。 　　彭齐亚斯和威尔逊听到的噪声，正是伽莫夫所假设的。他们已经找到了宇宙的边缘，至少是宇宙150亿光年以外的可见部分。他们在"观望"第一批质子--宇宙中最古老的光--果然不出伽莫夫所料，时间和距离已经将其转变成了微波。艾伦•古思在他的《不断膨胀的宇宙》一书中提出一种类比，有利于摆正这一发现的位置。要是你把观望宇宙深处比做是在美国纽约帝国大厦的100层上往下看（假设100层代表现在，街面代表大爆炸的时刻），那么在彭齐亚斯和威尔逊发现那个现象的时候，已经有人发现的最远的星系是在大约60层，最远的东西--类星体--是在大约20层。彭齐亚斯和威尔逊的发现，把我们对宇宙可见部分的认识在大厅的地板上推进了约1厘米。 这篇材料你能听出多少？点击这里做听写，提高外语水平>>

台上可以看到的星系可达5万-10万个，每个星系都由几百亿颗恒星组成。这当然是个可观的数字，但即使能看到这么多，超新星也是极其少见的。一颗恒星可以燃烧几十亿年，而死亡却是一下子的事儿。只有少量的临终恒星发生爆炸，大多数默默地熄灭，就像黎明时的篝火那样。在一个由几千亿颗恒星组成的典型星系里，平均每二三百年会出现一颗超新星。因此，寻找一颗超新星，有点像立在纽约帝国大厦的观景台上，用望远镜搜索窗户外的曼哈顿四周，希望发现--比如说--有人在点着21岁生日蛋糕上的蜡烛。 这篇材料你能听出多少？点击这里做听写，提高外语水平>>

出了这几个问题。"哦，不

这是一部有关现代科学发展史的既通俗易懂又引人入胜的书，作者用清晰明了、幽默风趣的笔法，将宇宙大爆炸到人类文明发展进程中所发生的繁多妙趣横生的故事一一收入笔下。惊奇和感叹组成了本书，历历在目的天下万物组成了本书，益于人们了解大千世界的无穷奥妙，掌握万事万物的发展脉络。 收获英语 收获一本好书~！ 书本的朗读语音很charming的磁性英音~~~大家可以好好学着模仿哦~~~！！ 因为原著为美国人所写,单词采用美式拼法,不抄全文,然后听写单词或词组(用[-No-]表示)以及句子(用[---No---]表示)。请边听写边理解文意，根据上下文注意各句标号，这样有助于提高正确率。 Hint Evans So when a hopeful and softspoken minister got in touch to ask if they had any usable field charts for hunting supernovae, the astronomical community thought he [-1-]. At the time Evans had a ten-inch telescope—a very [-2-] size for amateur stargazing but hardly the sort of thing with which to do serious cosmology—and he was proposing to find one of the universe's rarer phenomena. [---3---] (At the time I visited him, in August of 2001, he had just recorded his 34th visual discovery; a 35th followed three months later and a 36th in early 2003.) Evans, however, had certain advantages. Most observers, like most people generally, are in the northern [-4-], so he had a lot of sky largely to himself, especially at first. [---5---] Large telescopes are cumbersome things, and much of their operational time [-6-] being maneuvered into position. Evans could swing his little 16-inch telescope around like a tail gunner in a dogfight, spending no more than a couple of seconds on any particular point in the sky. [-7-], he could observe perhaps four hundred galaxies in an evening while a large professional telescope would be lucky to do 50 or 60. was out of his mind respectable In the whole of astronomical history before Evans started looking in 1980, fewer than 60 supernovae had been found. hemisphere He also had speed and his uncanny memory. is consumed with In consequence 因此，要是有一位满怀希望、说话细声细气的牧师前来联系，问一声他们有没有可用的星场地图，以便寻找超新星，天文学界一定会认为他的脑子出了毛病。当时，埃文斯只有一台5厘米的天文望远镜--这供业余观星之用倒差不多，但用那玩意儿来搞严肃的宇宙研究还远远不够--他却提出要寻找宇宙里比较稀罕的现象。埃文斯于1980年开始观察，在此之前，整个天文学史上发现的超新星还不到60颗。（到我2001年8月拜访他的时候，他已经记录了他的第34次目视发现；3个月以后，他有了第35次发现；2003年初，第36次。） 然而，埃文斯有着某些优势。大部分观察者像大部分人口一样身处北半球，因此身处南半球的他在很大程度上独自拥有一大片天空，尤其是在最初的时候。他还拥有速度和超人的记忆力。大型天文望远镜是很笨重的东西，移动到位要花掉好多操作时间。埃文斯可以像近距离空战中的机尾射手那样把5厘米小型望远镜转来转去，用几秒钟时间就可以瞄准天空中任何一个特定的点。因此，他一个晚上也许可以观测400个星系，而一台大型专业天文望远镜能观测五六十个就很不错了。 这篇材料你能听出多少？点击这里做听写，提高外语水平>>

这是一部有关现代科学发展史的既通俗易懂又引人入胜的书，作者用清晰明了、幽默风趣的笔法，将宇宙大爆炸到人类文明发展进程中所发生的繁多妙趣横生的故事一一收入笔下。惊奇和感叹组成了本书，历历在目的天下万物组成了本书，益于人们了解大千世界的无穷奥妙，掌握万事万物的发展脉络。 收获英语 收获一本好书~！ 书本的朗读语音很charming的磁性英音~~~大家可以好好学着模仿哦~~~！！ 因为原著为美国人所写,单词采用美式拼法,不抄全文,然后听写单词、词组或句子。请边听写边理解文意，根据上下文注意各句标号，这样有助于提高正确率。 [---1---] It is very tiny: just one-quarter of 1 percent as [-2-] as Earth. [---3---] This alone makes it extremely anomalous; it means that our planetary system consists of four rocky inner planets, four gassy outer giants, and a tiny, solitary iceball. [---4---] Then we will have problems. After Christy spotted Pluto's moon, astronomers began to regard that section of the cosmos more attentively and as of early December 2002 had found over six hundred additional Trans-Neptunian Objects, or Plutinos as they are [-5-] called. One, dubbed Varuna, is nearly as big as Pluto's moon. [---6---] The difficulty is that many of them are [-7-] dark. Typically they have an albedo, or reflectiveness, of just 4 percent, about the same as a lump of charcoal—and of course these lumps of charcoal are about four billion miles away. So if Pluto really is a planet, it is certainly an odd one. massive If you set it down on top of the United States, it would cover not quite half the lower 48 states. Moreover, there is every reason to suppose that we may soon begin to find other even larger icy spheres in the same portion of space. alternatively Astronomers now think there may be billions of these objects. awfully 因此，如果冥王星真是一颗行星，那肯定是一颗很怪的行星。它很小，只有地球的四百分之一大。假

这是一部有关现代科学发展史的既通俗易懂又引人入胜的书，作者用清晰明了、幽默风趣的笔法，将宇宙大爆炸到人类文明发展进程中所发生的繁多妙趣横生的故事一一收入笔下。惊奇和感叹组成了本书，历历在目的天下万物组成了本书，益于人们了解大千世界的无穷奥妙，掌握万事万物的发展脉络。 收获英语 收获一本好书~！ 书本的朗读语音很charming的磁性英音~~~大家可以好好学着模仿哦~~~！！ 因为原著为美国人所写,单词采用美式拼法,不抄全文,然后听写单词、词组或句子。请边听写边理解文意，根据上下文注意各句标号，这样有助于提高正确率。 Hints galactic debris Kuiper Pluto the Sun Neptune As for Pluto itself, nobody is quite sure how big it is, or what it is made of, [---1---] or even what it really is. [---2---] The Kuiper belt was actually theorized by an astronomer named F. C. Leonard in 1930, but the name honors Gerard Kuiper, a Dutch native working in America, who [-3-] the idea. The Kuiper belt is the source of what are known as short-period comets—those that come past pretty regularly—of which the most famous is Halley's comet. The more [-4-] long-period comets (among them the recent visitors Hale-Bopp and Hyakutake) come from the much more distant Oort cloud, about which more presently. It is certainly true that Pluto doesn't act much like the other planets. [---5---] Whereas the other planets orbit on more or less the same plane, Pluto's orbital path is tipped (as it were) out of alignment at an angle of seventeen degrees, like the brim of a hat tilted rakishly on someone's head. [---6---] For most of the 1980s and 1990s, Neptune was in fact the solar system's most far-flung planet. Only on February 11, 1999, did Pluto return to the outside lane, there to remain for the next 228 years. what kind of atmosphere it has, A lot of astronomers believe it isn't a planet at all, but merely the largest object so far found in a zone of galactic debris known as the Kuiper belt. expanded reclusive Not only is it runty and obscure, but it is so variable in its motions that no one can tell you exactly where Pluto will be a century hence. Its orbit is so irregular that for substantial periods on each of its lonely circuits around the Sun it is closer to us than Neptune is. 至于冥王星本身，谁也不大清楚它有多大，是什么组成的，有什么样的大气，甚至它到底是个什么东西。许多天文学家认为，它其实算不上是颗行星，而只是我们在银河的废墟带（称之为凯珀带）发现的最大的物体。凯珀带理论实际上是1930年由一位名叫F.G.伦纳德的天文学家提出来的，他用这个名字来纪念一位在美国工作的荷兰人杰勒德•凯珀。凯珀发展了这个理论。凯珀带是所谓短命彗星的源泉--那种经常一闪而过的星星--其中最著名的就是哈雷彗星。比较长命的彗星（其中有最近光顾的海尔－博普彗星和百武彗星）产生于遥远得多的奥尔特云，我们过一会儿就会谈到这个问题。 　　冥王星的表现与别的行星很不一样，这种看法肯定没错儿。它不但又小又模糊，而且它的运行方式变化不定，一个世纪以后谁也说不准冥王星到底会在哪里。别的行星多少在同一平面上转动，而冥王星的运行轨道（似乎）是倾斜的，不和别的行星处于同一平面，而是形成一个17度的角，犹如有人头上潇洒地歪戴着帽子。它的轨道很不规则，在它寂寞地绕太阳转动的过程中，每一圈都在相当长的时间里比海王星距离我们更近。事实上，在20世纪80年代和90年代的大部分时间里，海王星是太阳系里离我们最远的行星。只是到了1999年2月11日，冥王星才回到外侧的轨道，此后它将在那里停留228年的时间。 这篇材料你能听出多少？点击这里做听写，提高外语水平>>

这是一部有关现代科学发展史的既通俗易懂又引人入胜的书，作者用清晰明了、幽默风趣的笔法，将宇宙大爆炸到人类文明发展进程中所发生的繁多妙趣横生的故事一一收入笔下。惊奇和感叹组成了本书，历历在目的天下万物组成了本书，益于人们了解大千世界的无穷奥妙，掌握万事万物的发展脉络。 收获英语 收获一本好书~！ 书本的朗读语音很charming的磁性英音~~~大家可以好好学着模仿哦~~~！！ 因为原著为美国人所写,单词采用美式拼法,不抄全文,然后听写单词或词组(用[-No-]表示)以及句子(用[---No---]表示)。请边听写边理解文意，根据上下文注意各句标号，这样有助于提高正确率。 It was he who coined the term "Big Bang" in a moment of facetiousness, for a radio broadcast in 1952. [---1---] Hoyle [-2-] a steady-state theory in which the universe was constantly expanding and continually creating new matter as it went. Hoyle also realized that if stars imploded they would [-3-] huge amounts of heat — 100 million degrees or more, enough to begin to generate the heavier elements in a process known as nucleosynthesis. [---4---] For this work, W. A. Fowler, one of his collaborators, received a Nobel Prize. Hoyle, [-5-], did not. According to Hoyle's theory, an exploding star would [-6-]enough heat to create all the new elements and [-7-]them into the cosmos where they would form gaseous clouds—the interstellar medium as it is known — that could eventually coalesce into new solar systems. With the new theories it became possible at last to construct plausible scenarios for how we got here. What we now think we know is this: He pointed out that nothing in our understanding of physics could account for why everything, gathered to a point, would suddenly and dramatically begin to expand. favored liberate In 1957, working with others, Hoyle showed how the heavier elements were formed in supernova explosions. shamefully generate spray 是他1952年在一篇广播稿中开玩笑地创造了大爆炸这个名字。他指出，我们在理解物理学的时候，怎么也解释不了为什么一切会聚合成一点，然后又突然戏剧性地开始膨胀。霍伊尔赞成恒稳态学说，该学说认为宇宙在不断膨胀，在此过程中不断创造新的物质。霍伊尔还意识到，要是恒星发生爆聚，便会释放出大量热量--温度在1亿摄氏度以上，足以在被称之为核合成的过程中产生较重的元素。1957年，霍伊尔和别人一起，展示重元素是如何在超新星的爆炸中形成的。由于这项工作，他的合作者W.A.福勒获得了诺贝尔奖。霍伊尔则没有，很难为情。 　　根据霍伊尔的理论，一颗爆炸中的恒星会释放出足够的热量来产生所有的新元素，并把它们洒在宇宙里。这些元素会形成气云--就是所谓的星际媒介--最终聚合成新的太阳系。有了这些理论，我们终于可以为我们怎么会来到这个世界的问题构筑一个貌似有理的设想。我们现在认为自己知道的情况如下： 这篇材料你能听出多少？点击这里做听写，提高外语水平>>