(continued)

段落的主题甚至可以在body部分出现，尤其是一个段落的中前部（图3）。由于过度的渲染，我们已经“过于”熟悉段落首句或者末句可能出现TS 的陈词滥调，而实际的阅读过程中由于作者的个人表达需要，往往这种经典的段落结构并非容易看到，这就为我们把握段落主题带来了挑战。了解，同时熟悉段落中部（非首末句）的TS出现情况，对于我们把握Gist从而完成Heading题目有着相当重要的作用。

什么时候段落的主题会出现在中间呢？

分析认为，一种主要的情形就是在段落首句/前句后出现转折类型表达。从最熟悉的but，到次常用的whereas，抑或是片书面的nevertheless，我们都需要意识到转折类型表达的出现否定——或很大程度上削弱了——段落首句/前句的作用。段落的重心从而向后转移。我们可以从剑桥系列的真题中看到很多这种例子。

例: Technical solutions can reduce the pollution problem and increase the fuel efficiency of engines. But fuel consumption and exhaust emissions depend on which cars are preferred by customers and how they are driven. Many people buy larger cars then they need for daily purposes or waste fuel by driving aggressively. Besides, global car use is increasing at a faster rate than the improvement in emissions and fuel efficiency which technology is now making possible.

例证类型表达的出现是另一种典型的迹象。Example的作用就是用来支持和证明，因此出现例子的地方，前面就意味着存在需要被support的内容。如果这部分内容在段落的开始，那么首句是TS没有什么异议，如果在body部分，则有可能该段的要点后移了。

例：All of these are applications of biometrics, a little-known but fast-growing technology that involves the use of physical or biological characteristics to identify individuals. In use for more than a decade at some high-security government institution in the United States and Canada, biometrics are now rapidly popping up in the everyday world.(TS) Already, more than 10,000 facilities, from prisons to day-care centres, monitoring people’s fingerprints or other physical parts to ensure that they are who they claim to be. Some 60 biometric companies around the world pulled in at least $22 million last year and that grand total is expected to mushroom to at least $50 million by 1999.（剑2 Test 3）

而在段落首句或开头出现的强指代型用语——如各种指示代词this/that/these——则从又一个角度展示给我们首句并非“万能”。和中文相似，段首的指代类型表达很多时候使得他们所在的句子变成了承接上文的transition，而本身则无法肩负起本段大意的作用了。

例：In the late 1940s the World Health Organisation challenged this physically and medically oriented view of health. They stated that ‘health is a complete state of physical, mental and social well-being and is not merely the absence of disease’ (WHO, 1946). Health and the person were seen more holistically (mind/body/spirit) and not just in physical terms.(TS)（剑2 Test 1）

以上种种情况的存在，都告诉我们具体段落阅读中首句并不能够解决所有问题，甚至不能解决多数问题，我们必须对于其他可能并常见的段落写法和段落结构进行熟悉。在本文中，所举例的几种典型情况分别是：

转折类型表达的出现

例证类型表达的出现

强指代类型表达的出现

那么最后一种段落图形——图4——代表了Heading题解析过程中的哪种段落呢?